Użyteczne frazy przy pisaniu wypracowań po angielsku

Introduction

• first of all
• to begin with
• in order to decide whether.... or not
• to outline the main points
• firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally / eventually

Enumerating arguments

• in addition to / additionally
• besides / moreover / furthermore
• above all

Weighing up arguments

• on the one hand..... on the other hand
• to consider the advantages and disadvantages
• arguments for and against
• to discuss the pros and cons
• in theory ... in reality
• both... and....
• not only ... but also
• anyway / at any rate / in any case
• in fact / actually / as a matter of fact
• up to a point
• so to speak
• by no means / not at all

Comparisons

• compared to / in comparison with
• to draw / make a comparison between ...and
• similarly
• as well as 

Restrictions

• however / though
• nevertheless
• whereas
• although / though / even though
• in spite of / despite
• unlike
• in contrast to / with sth.
• on the contrary
• sth is contrary to sth

Refering to

• with reference to
• regarding
• as regards
• as far as ... is concerned
• according to (
• according to is used to introduces omeone else's opinion. Don't say "according to me")

Introducing a new idea

• Turning now to the question of
• Bearing in mind the previous points,
• Having considered (X)
• With regard to
• As far as ....... is concerned

Emphasizing

• I’d like to point out that
• I’d like to emphasize
• adjectives: main, crucial, important, si gnificant, key, essential
• nouns: focus, element, concept, theory, aspect, part, idea, point, argument, discussion, debate
• verbs: to emphasise, to summarise, to focus, to highlight

Examples: 

• The key aspect of this argument is
• The most crucial point m ade so far
• It is worth noting that
• Another relevant point is that

Generalizing

• on the whole
• in general / generally speaking
• as a rule
• to some extent
• to a large extent / to what extent ?
• in many ways
• in all respects
• in most / many cases
• basically

Giving examples

• for example / for instance
• such as / including
• in particular / particularly
• to give you an example of what I mean
• to illustrate this point
• what I mean is
• et cetera / and so on / and so forth
• that is to say / i.e

Citing research

• It has been found that
• Research has shown that

Making exeptions

• apart from
• except
• with the exception of

Giving reasons

• because
• as / since
• because of
• the reason for this is
• the reason why
• for some reasons or another
• I have every reason to believe that

Consequences

• therefore
• consequently / as a result
• for this reason / all these reasons

Personal point of view

• I think that
• in my opinion/ in my view / to my mind
• this is a matter of opinion
• in my experience
• as far as I know
• as far as I am concerned
• to be aware / unaware of a problem
• to tell the truth
• the fact is that
• I am convinced that
• I firmly believe that
• I feel sth should be done about that

Agreeing

• I entirely / absolutely agree with
• that’s exactly my own view
• I’m of exactly the same opinion
• that’s perfectly true
• I’d like to support this view

Disagreeing

• I partly disagree with
• I don’t entirely agree with
• I agree in principle, but
• That’s not the way I see it
• I see things rather differently myself
• I’m not at all convinced that
• I’m not absolutely sure

Interest, Plans, Intentions

• to be interested in sth / in doing sth
• It interests me a lot
• My main / particular interest is
• I have the intention of doing
• I am prepared to do sth
• I am determined to do sth
• I’m planning to do sth
• I’m very keen on doing sth

Lack of interest

• I find ... rather uninteresting / boring
• I don’t take any interest in
• It’s all the same to me whether
• It means nothing to me

Summarizing and drawing conclusions

• finally
• last of all
• last but not least
• we can draw the conclusion
• to sum up / to summarize we can say
• all in all
• in short / in brief / briefly
• all things considered
• the subject under discussion
• I find it difficult to reach a conclusion but I’m tempted to say
• Briefly, we can say / it can be said that
• hence/therefore/accordingly / consequently
• the evidence suggests, therefore
• in general what this means / suggests / indicates is
• it is clear from the above that
• to conclude / in conclusion,

Modifying adverbs

• totally / entirely / completely
• mostly / mainly / chiefly
• partly
• comparatively / relatively
• extremely / incredibly